Anyone who has undergone nine years of compulsory education in China might be considered a “Confucian scholar” in ancient times. As such, it is essential to understand the development of Confucianism—a cornerstone of Chinese civilization. This book Three Thousand Years of Confucianism in China provides a clear historical overview, tracing the evolution of Confucian thought from its origins in the Zhou Dynasty to its modern-day interpretations. It introduces influential figures whose contributions shaped the cultural and intellectual heritage of China.
The Sacred Origins of Confucianism
The book opens with a poignant reference to diplomat Gu Weijun’s statement at the Paris Peace Conference, where he compared China’s emotional connection to Shandong Province with the West’s reverence for Jerusalem. Shandong is the birthplace of Confucius and the cradle of Confucianism, a sacred cultural symbol for all Chinese people.
Confucianism originated during the transitional period from the Shang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty. After the fall of Shang, the Duke of Zhou introduced the “rites and music” system to restore order and stabilize society. This foundation laid the groundwork for Confucian thought, which emphasized societal harmony through ritual and propriety. Confucius himself acknowledged the influence of the Duke of Zhou, famously lamenting, “It has been a long time since I dreamed of the Duke of Zhou.”
Confucius: The Great Synthesizer
Confucius emerged during the Spring and Autumn period, a time of intellectual flourishing and political instability. While some dispute the historical accuracy of Confucius studying under Laozi, Records of the Grand Historian recounts their encounter, where Laozi dismissed Confucius’s attachment to rituals, urging him to abandon arrogance and excessive desires.
Despite initial setbacks in his political career, Confucius revolutionized education and philosophy. He upheld two principles that became central to Confucianism:
- “Transmit, not create” – preserving and organizing existing cultural knowledge.
- “Education without discrimination” – making education accessible to all, regardless of social status.
These principles allowed Confucius to redefine governance, emphasizing that managing family and community relations also constituted political action. His writings, such as The Spring and Autumn Annals, served as historical warnings against unethical behavior, highlighting the power of history in shaping moral governance.
Confucius’s Legacy: The Flourishing of His Disciples
After Confucius’s death in 479 BCE, his disciples branched into five schools of thought, each contributing unique perspectives:
- Zigong focused on politics and economics, though his academic influence was limited.
- Zengzi, known for his diligence, taught Confucius’s grandson, Zisi, who later mentored Mencius.
- Youzi advocated the principle of harmony in rituals.
- Ziyou introduced the concepts of “Great Unity” and “Moderate Prosperity.”
- Zixia nurtured prominent scholars who developed interpretations of The Spring and Autumn Annals.
This diversification reflected the adaptability and resilience of Confucianism in responding to intellectual challenges.
Mencius: The Defender of Confucian Values
During the Warring States period, Mencius rose to defend Confucianism against competing schools like Mohism and Yangism. Mohism promoted universal love and non-aggression, while Yangism emphasized extreme individualism. Mencius countered these ideologies by advocating for benevolent governance and the moral obligation of rulers. His contributions solidified his status as the “Second Sage” after Confucius.
Xunzi: The Rationalist Confucian
Xunzi, a contemporary of Mencius, offered a contrasting view by asserting the inherent evil of human nature, which he believed required external laws and education for reform. His pragmatic approach influenced the development of Legalism through his students Han Feizi and Li Si, marking the culmination of pre-Qin Confucian thought.
The Transition to Qin and Han Dynasties
With the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty, the conflict between Confucianism and Legalism intensified. While Legalism initially dominated, the Han Dynasty’s adoption of Confucianism as the state ideology ensured its enduring influence. Confucian principles were integrated into governance, education, and societal norms, shaping Chinese civilization for centuries.
Why Read This Book?
Three Thousand Years of Chinese Confucianism is more than a historical account; it is a testament to the enduring relevance of Confucian values. It sheds light on how Confucianism navigated challenges, adapted to changes, and left an indelible mark on Chinese culture. This comprehensive exploration of Confucian thought provides valuable insights for anyone interested in philosophy, history, or the cultural roots of East Asia.
Whether you’re a scholar, a student, or someone seeking to understand the legacy of Confucius, this book offers a profound journey through the heart of Chinese intellectual history.
ASEAN EYE MEDIA